张仙平;郑慧凡;王方;薛永飞;段焕林;
ZHANG Xian-ping;ZHENG Hui-fan;WANG Fang;XUE Yong-fei;DUAN Huan-lin;Department of Civil Engineering;School of Energy and Environmental Engineering;

• 1:河南工程学院
• 2:中原工学院

摘要(Abstract)：

随着全球环境问题日益加剧,制冷空调行业氟利昂类制冷工质的替代受到普遍关注,绿色环保制冷剂R744因此得到重新启用。单一工质R744热泵系统存在放热侧压力高、系统效率低的缺点,在R744中混入合适的第二组分工质可以有效降低压力或同时改善其效率。本文主要从R744混合工质的热物性、流动传热特性、应用于热泵空调系统、应用于复叠式制冷系统等方面进行综述,并针对研究现状,分析了目前R744混合工质研究存在的主要问题,指出了未来的研究和发展方向。
With the gradually-serious environmental problems in the world,it has received extensive attention that the Freons used in refrigeration and air conditioning system will be phased out. And then the eco-friendly working fluid R744 regained its new life. However,the heat rejection system is high and the system efficiency is relatively low for pure R744 heat pump system,which can be solved on mixing R744 with suitable second component. In this research,it is prezented from R744-based mixture thermophysical properties,flow and heat transfer characteristics,system performance when used in heat pump and air conditioning system,and casade refrigeration system. The main problems in the current researches are proposed,and the research and development in the future are given.

关键词(KeyWords)： R744(CO_2);混合工质;替代;环保
R744(CO_2);mixture refrigerant;alternative;environmental protection

Abstract:

Keywords:

基金项目(Foundation): 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51306214);; 河南省高等学校青年骨干教师资助计划项目(2012GGJS-185)

作者(Author): 张仙平;郑慧凡;王方;薛永飞;段焕林;
ZHANG Xian-ping;ZHENG Hui-fan;WANG Fang;XUE Yong-fei;DUAN Huan-lin;Department of Civil Engineering;School of Energy and Environmental Engineering;

Email:

DOI:

参考文献(References)：

• [1]Calm J M.The next generation of refrigerants-historical review,considerations,and outlook[J].Int J Refrig,2008,31(7):1123-1133.
• [2]Ma Yitai,Liu Zhongyan,Tian Hua.A review of transcritical carbon dioxide heat pump and refrigeration cycles[J].Energy,2013,55:156-172.
• [3]刘业凤,李续,杜诗民,等.CO2跨临界循环中绝热毛细管性能试验研究[J].流体机械,2015,43(4):61-66.
• [4]Mc Linden O M,Kazakov F A,Brown J S,et al.A thermodynamic analysis of refrigerants:possibilities and tradeoffs for low-GWP refrigerants[J].Int J Refrig,2014,38:80-92.
• [5]Sarbu I.A review on substitution strategy of non-ecological refrigerants from vapour compression-based refrigeration,air-conditioning and heat pump systems[J].Int J Refrig,2014,46:123-141.
• [6]Miyara A,Koyama S,Fujii T.Consideration of the performance of a vapour-compression heat-pump cycle using non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures[J].Int J Refrig,1992,15(1):35-40.
• [7]Valtz A,Coquelet C,Baba-Ahmed A,et al.Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the CO2+1,1,1,2,3,3,3,-heptafluoropropane(R227ea)system at temperatures from 276.01 to 367.30 K and pressures up to 7.4MPa[J].Fluid Phase Equilibria,2003,207(1-2):53-67.
• [8]Valtz A,Coquelet C,Richon D.Vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the hexafluoroethane+carbon dioxide system at temperatures from 253 to 297K and pressures up to 6.5Mpa[J].Fluid Phase Equilibria,2007,258(2):179-185.
• [9]Valtz A,Courtial X,Johansson E,et al.Isothermal vapor-liquid equilibrium data for the carbon dioxide(R744)+decafluorobutane(R610)system at temperatures from 263 to 353 K[J].Fluid Phase Equilibria,2011,304(1-2):44-51.
• [10]Coquelet C,Rivollet F,Jarne C,et al.Measurement of physical properties of refrigerant mixtures.Determination of phase diagrams[J].Energy Conversion and Management,2006,47(20):3672-3680.
• [11]Giovanni D N,Alessia A,Giorgia N,et al.Solid-liquid equilibria measurements of the carbon dioxide+2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene and carbon dioxide+trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene mixtures[J].Fluid Phase Equilibria,2013,354:54-58.
• [12]Nagata,Y,Mizutani K,Miyamoto H.The precise measurement of the(vapour+liquid)equilibrium properties for(CO2+sobutane)binary mixtures[J].J.Chem.Thermodynamics,2011,43()244-247.
• [13]Dmytro N,Victor M.Thermodynamic and phase behaviour of fluids embedded with nanostructured materials[J].International Journal of Thermal Sciences,2012,62,44-49.
• [14]徐士鸣,张丽,高红岩.R744/R290新型低温混合工质物性分析[J].大连理工大学学报,2013,53(5):642-646.
• [15]张丽,徐士鸣,都萍,等.R744/R290新型混合工质汽-液相平衡研究[J].热科学与技术,2013,13(1):29-33.
• [16]Cho J M,Kim Y J,Kim M S.Experimental studies on the characteristics of evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of CO2/propane mixtures in horizontal and vertical smooth and micro-fin tubes[J].Int J Refrig,2010,33(1):170-179.
• [17]Cho J M,Kim Y J,Kim M S.Experimental studies on the evaporative heat transfer and pressure drop of CO2and CO2/propane mixtures?owing upward in smooth and micro-fin tubes with outer diameter of 5mm for an inclination angle of 45o[J].Int J Refrig,2010,33(5):922-931.
• [18]Grauso S,Mastrullo R,Mauro A W,et al.CO2and propane blends:Experiments and assessment of predictive methods for flow boiling in horizontal tubes[J].Int J Refrig,2011,34(4):1028-1039.
• [19]Onaka Y,Miyara A,Tsubaki K.Experimental study on evaporation heat transfer of CO2/DME mixture refrigerant in a horizontal smooth tube[J].Int J Refrig,2010,33(7):1277-1291.
• [20]Zhu Yu,Wu Xiaomin,Wei Zhaofu.Heat transfer characteristics and correlation for CO2/propane mixtures flow evaporation in a smooth mini tube[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2015,81:253-261.
• [21]吴晓敏,魏兆福,莫少嘉,等.CO2/丙烷混合工质管内流动沸腾换热的数值模拟[J].工程热物理学报,2011,32(6):1019-1022.
• [22]吴晓敏,赵然,魏兆福,等.CO2/丙烷混合工质水平管内流动沸腾换热特性模拟[J].工程热物理学报,2013,34(4):706-709.
• [23]Afroz H M M,Miyarab A,Tsubaki K.Heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops during in-tube condensation of CO2/DME mixture refrigerant[J].Int J Refrig,2008,31(8):1458-1466.
• [24]刘佳,张信荣,徐建阳.CO2/DME混合工质在水平管内对流换热的数值研究[J].湘潭大学自然科学学报,2011,33(3):110-114.
• [25]Kim J H,Cho J M,Lee I H,et al.Circulation concentration of CO2/propane mixtures and the effect of their charge on the cooling performance in an airconditioning system[J].Int J Refrig,2007,30(1):43-49.
• [26]Sarkar J,Bhattacharyya S.Assessment of blends of CO2with butane and isobutane as working fluids for heat pump applications[J].International Journal of Thermal Sciences.2009,48(7):1460-1465.
• [27]Maczek K,Muller J,Wojtas K,et al.Ternary zeotropic mixture with CO2component for R22 heat pump application[C].CLIMA 2000 Conference,Brussels,Belgium,1997,1-9.
• [28]Kim J H,Cho J M,Kim M S.Cooling performance of several CO2/propane mixtures and glide matching with secondary heat transfer fluid[J].Int J Refrig,2008,31(5):800-806.
• [29]Koyama S,Jin D X,Xue J,et al.Experimental study on the performance of a CO2/DME system[C].22nd International Congress of Refrigeration,E2,Beijing,China,2007:986.
• [30]毕胜山,陈强,吴江涛,等.CO2/二甲醚混合制冷剂跨临界制冷循环性能分析[J].工程热物理学报,2009,30(1):1807-1810.
• [31]Dai B M,Dang C B,Li M X,et al.Thermodynamic performance assessment of carbon dioxide blends with lowglobal warming potential(GWP)working fluids for a heat pump water heater[J].Int J Refrig,2015,56:1-14.
• [32]Dai B M,Li M X,Ma Y T.Thermodynamic analysis of carbon dioxide blends with low GWP(global warming potential)working fluids-based transcritical Rankine cycles for low-grade heat energy recovery[J].Energy,2015,64:942-952.
• [33]Fan X W,Zhang X P,Ju F J,et al.Theoretical study of heat pump system using CO2/DME as refrigerant[J].Thermal Science,2013,17(5):1261-1268.
• [34]Zhang X P,Wei X L,Fan X W,et al.Performance evaluation of heat pump system using R744/R161 mixture refrigerant[J].Thermal Science,2014,18(5):1673-1677.
• [35]Zhang X P,Fan X W,Wei X L,et al.Determination of the optimum heat rejection pressure in transcritical cycles working with R744/R290 mixture[J].Applied Thermal Engineering,2013,54(1):176-184.
• [36]Kim S G,Kim M S.Experiment and simulation on the performance of an autocascade refrigeration system using carbon dioxide as a refrigerant[J].Int J Refrig,2002,25(8):1093-1101.
• [37]Nicola G D,Polonara F,Stryjek R,et al.Performance of cascade cycles working with blends of CO2+natural refrigerants[J].Int J Refrig,2011,34(6):1436-1445.
• [38]Nicola G D,Giuliani G,Polonara F,et al.Blends of carbon dioxide and HFCs as working fluids for the lowtemperature circuit in cascade refrigerating system[J].Int J Refrig,2005,28(2):130-140.
• [39]Niu B L,Zhang Y F.Experimental study of the refrigeration cycle performance for the R744/R290 mixtures[J].Int J Refrig,2007,30(1):37-42.
• [40]牛宝联.复叠制冷系统低温环路自然工质混合物的理论及实验研究[D].天津:天津大学,2006.
• [41]颜俊,晏刚,钱伟,等.采用天然混合工质CO2/R600a和CO2/R290的自复叠制冷循环性能研究[C].中国制冷学会学术年会,杭州,2007:531-535.
• [42]孙爱国.天然工质自行复叠制冷循环研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2004.
• [43]宋世亮.天然工质应用于自行复叠制冷系统的研究[D].杭州:浙江大学,2005.
• [44]鲁果昌,隋力,翟长峰,等.3.5Ni钢焊接接头经不同加热冷却后组织和性能的变化[J].压力容器,2015,32(5):24-28.
• [45]杨俊兰,苗国伟,姚钼超.CO2气体冷却器的性能分析与试验研究[J].流体机械,2014,42(12):59-63.
• [46]彭勃.采用R744/R290或R744/R600a混合自然工质的自复叠制冷系统工作特性[D].大连:大连理工大学,2007.